Variety High Diamond Royal Edition
Just For A Queens

Crystallography is the study of atomic and molecular structure, which can be found
everywhere in nature—from salt to snowflakes to gemstones. Crystallographers use the
properties and inner structures of crystals to determine the arrangement of atoms, and
generate knowledge that is used by chemists, physicists, biologists, and others. Within the
past century, crystallography has been a primary force in driving major advances in the
detailed understanding of materials, synthetic chemistry, and the understanding of basic
principles of chemical and biological processes.
As a science, crystallography has awarded 28 Nobel Prizes, more than any other scientific
field.
Crystallographers use different methods to identify a material, such as X-ray and electron
diffraction techniques to identify and characterize solid materials. Scientists use many
other methods including X-ray fluorescence, spectroscopic techniques, microscopic
imaging, and computer software programs to construct detailed models of the atomic
arrangements in solids. This provides valuable information on a material’s chemical
composition, polymorphic form, defects, disorders, etc. It also helps us to understand how
solids perform under temperature, pressure, and other conditions.
Back in 2014, scientific research was conducted by firing powerful pulses of laser beams in
experiments at Livermore’s National Ignition Facility. Incredibly and for the first time,
they re-created conditions that exist deep in the cores of the solar system’s giant planets.
The scientists focused the huge laser’s intense energy at targets of synthetic diamonds to
create a kind of artificial gravity that in bursts of energy compressed the hard diamonds
under immense pressures more than 50 million times greater than Earth’s atmosphere, at
about 763° Celsius (1,405° Fahrenheit).
The scientists said the squeezed diamonds vaporized in less than 10 billionths of a second.
With that instantaneous flash, the unprecedented experiments in the science of condensed
matter will yield new insights into the nature of all the carbon-rich planets in our own solar
system, and also the millions of distant stars and exoplanets that are known to exist far off
in the Milky Way galaxy.
The experiment’s facility inside the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is known as
the NIF. The huge multibillion-dollar lab, overseen by the National Nuclear Security
Administration, is where scientists have been trying unsuccessfully for years to achieve a
reaction called ignition with the powerful laser beams.
In effect, that long-sought goal would reproduce the chemical reactions inside exploding
nuclear bombs to create controlled and self-sustaining thermonuclear fusion.
The NIF laser – the largest on Earth – is actually an array of 192 individual high-energy
lasers that can be fired simultaneously and aimed with unparalleled precision to become a
single laser hitting the central target.
In the diamond experiments, an effort unrelated to nuclear weapons research – the
scientists focused 176 of the laser beams simultaneously at a diamond contained inside a
tiny gold cylinder called a hohlraum. In the hohlraum, the immensely bright laser light was
turned into X-rays in successive pulses of 20 millionths of a second.

Our planet is continuously bombarded by meteorites and has been since its formation.
There is plenty of evidence to prove that the universe did undergo an early period of rapid
expansion in a trillionth of a trillionth of a trillionth of a second and constantly expanding
in every direction throughout the immeasurable space around us.
Research leads us to discover more about our universe. Some facts were discovered
accidentally, and the amazing excitement along with the satisfaction when something new is
discovered, inevitably creates even more enthusiasm and more curiosity for more research.
This reminds me of the moment when GE figured out that by adding troilite as a solvent,
the first diamonds were achieved as a man-made (synthetic) diamonds by Tracy Hall.
Howard Tracy Hall (October 20, 1919 – July 25, 2008) was an American physical chemist
and the first person who grew a synthetic diamond by a reproducible, verifiable, and
witnessed process, using a press of his own design.
When earth (nature) creates diamonds, they are called natural diamonds, also known as
mineral, and not like the synthetic (lab-grown) diamonds which are-NOT-considered
minerals. On earth, the development process of a diamond requires extremely high
pressure and temperature, and those conditions are only possible approximately 120 miles
(193 Kilometers) or farther inside the earth.
Before I go a little deeper within the complex world of mineral development, it is important
to understand that approximately 98% of the universe is made up of Hydrogen & Helium,
and interestingly, these are the two lightest elements. There are dozens of different
chemical elements in our sun, Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe and
makes up three-quarters of all matter, Helium is the second most abundant element in the
universe. When hydrogen levels within a star’s core deplete, the standard fusion reaction
can no longer take place. This leads to a decrease in the amount of energy radiating
outwards and the stellar core collapses increasing the temperature and pressure. When the
temperature reaches 200 million Kelvin (359,999,540 Fahrenheit) or (199,999,726 Celsius)
Helium fusion becomes possible.
Three Helium nuclei fuse to create a single carbon atom. A fusion of four helium nuclei can
be used to create oxygen atoms. This happens in stars that have used up their supply of
Hydrogen within the core. Further fusion processes can create heavier elements such as
silicon, magnesium, and sodium. However, the abundance of these elements in most stars is
very low and accounts for less than one (1) percent of the mass. Fusion within stars can
only account for the creation of elements up to the mass of iron. Actually, the fusion
process uses energy rather than creates it. The remaining heavy elements beyond iron are
thought to be forged in the collapse of heavy stars, a process known as a supernova. A
supernova is as destructive as it is constructive.
Other elements are Oxygen, Carbon, Neon, Nitrogen. Magnesium, Silicon, Iron, and
Sulfur.
Scientists estimate that the core of the Sun is a 15 million degree Celsius or over 27 milliondegree Fahrenheit, an ionized ball of plasma, a soup of electrons and protons that are
stripped from hydrogen atoms. This kind of “soup” is called ‘plasma’, which makes up 90
percent of the Sun. Every second, thousands of protons in the Sun’s core collide with other
protons to produce helium nuclei in a nuclear fusion reaction that releases energy. Just
outside the core, energy moves outward by a process called radiation. Closer to the surface,
the energy moves out by a process called convection (hot gases rise), cools and sink back
down again. As these masses of gas move, they push off of each other causing “Sunquakes.” These make the material in the Sun vibrate. These Sun-quakes help scientists
determine the Sun’s internal structure and the processes occurring at different locations
underneath the Sun’s surface.
As a simplified example of how diamonds form: Two Helium nuclei will make Beryllium
and a third added Helium nuclei makes carbon, and as graphite crystallizes under the right
conditions, it becomes a diamond (It is a complex process, I just wanted to simplify it for
the readers).
Temperatures in the outer space is extreme and can range from as hot as Four-Trillion
degrees to
-459.67 Fahrenheit freezing temperatures known as absolute Zero (−459.67 °F or −273.15
°C ).
Now, how diamonds actually form in outer space? Which means, more diamonds in space
than here on earth, actually much, much more

Gold and platinum should be rare on Earth, as a matter of fact; they shouldn’t be here at
all. Or at least, they shouldn’t be in Earth’s crust. These elements, along with iridium and
similar metals, love iron, and thus they were sucked into our planet’s molten iron core soon
after Earth formed. So where did all the material for our fancy jewelry come from?
According to high-precision measurements of two isotopes, or atomic variants, of tungsten
in 4-billion-old rocks from Greenland published online in Nature.com, precious-metalbearing meteorites struck Earth, coating the planet in a veneer containing gold, platinum,
and other elements long after their native counterparts had disappeared into the planet’s
core. Proof positive that your “bling” really is out of this world

The first crystalline mineral in the universe was diamonds, born through supernova!
What is a star?
Our sun is a star, and when our sun dies, it could very much turn into a gigantic diamond.
Don’t get excited, no one will live to “see” that. The earth will be dark and will start to
freeze and no one will survive.
The common makeup of a star is:
“Simply,” a glowing sphere of hot gas containing approximately.
70% Hydrogen & 28% Helium
1.5 % Carbon (Key ingredient for diamonds), Nitrogen and Oxygen
The remainder is about 0.5% of small amounts of many other elements such as neon, iron,
silicon, magnesium, and sulfur.
The universe is filled with precious gems and precious metals.
The merger of two neutron stars creates Gold, Platinum and other precious metals
producing hundreds of Earth’s masses worth of gold and platinum.
Gold, like most heavy metals, are forged inside stars through a process called nuclear
fusion. Titanium, silver, different metals, and different minerals have different mass
weight. Here is an example of weight: A neutron star is so dense that one teaspoon weighs
about 900 times the mass of the Great Pyramid of Giza. In the enormous gravitational field
of a neutron star, that same amount would be about 15 times what the Moon would weigh
if it were placed on the surface of the Earth.
Some asteroids are worth billions of dollars, or Trillions and even quadrillions of dollars in
gold, platinum, copper, cobalt, iron, diamonds and more…
Sincerely,
Prof. Jack Ghazalian, DG, CSG, GG, RGA
International Distinguished Scholar
GIA Graduate Gemologist
Certified by the Honor Society (Washington D.C)
Kappa Delta Pi (International Honor Society in Education) Awarded KDP’s 'Teacher of
Honor' designation, Teacher of Honor recipient.
Golden Key International Honour Society
Geological Society of America
American Association for the Advancement of Science
National Space Society (NSS/NASA)
The Planetary Society
The American Astronautical Society